where to give vitamin b12 injection How self-inject intramuscular - Overview Common Mistakes in B12 Injections

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Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease

Subcutaneous injection is the most common research-context format today, but no published human pharmacokinetic study has formally characterized subcutaneous AOD-9604 (this gap was specifically called out in FDA's December 2024 review)