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High-energy diets were also suggested to increase the metabolic burden on chickens, potentially altering energy allocation

Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD): The SCAD enzyme is an intra-mitochondrial enzyme of beta oxidation that catalyzes the oxidation of C4-C6 carbon acyl-CoA fatty acid esters to produce 2 trans-enoyl-CoA fatty acid esters

The hyper-inflammatory response caused by SARS-CoV-2 induces the process of immunosenescence, increases endothelial cell damage, and leads to myofibrillar degradation and muscle wasting (sarcopenia) due to mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy [102]

Obesity is significantly positively correlated with various abnormalities in liver function indicators, such as the serum enzyme indicators ALT, AST, and AKP, which are significantly increased [31]

Abbreviations DN: Diabetic neuropathy FA: Ferulic acid T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus DM: Diabetes mellitus HFD: High-fat diet STZ: Streptozotocin TEM: Transmission electron microscopy ROS: Reactive oxygen species MDA: Malondialdehyde BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor References Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, Stein C, Basit A, Chan JC, Mbanya JC, Pavkov ME