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This process can occur in a variety of ways, and new pathways of cell death continue to be discovered

These include pro-angiogenic molecules: growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha transcription factor (HIF-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-B), transforming growth factor (TGF-), fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor (PlGF), interleukins, as well as anti-angiogenic factors: angiostatin, endostatin, thrombospondins 1 and 2 (Qiang et al

Emerging evidence has elucidated critical cross-talk between gut microbial communities and pulmonary pathophysiology through the gut-lung axisa bidirectional immunoregulatory network involving microbial metabolites and immune cell trafficking

Srinivasan, P

doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1040410 167