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Therefore, the results from the FAERS database should be interpreted with caution as they can overestimate adverse events due to reporting bias and do not establish causality

As illustrated in Figure 4, the gut microbiota serves as a central hub in diabetic lung injury, where gut-derived metabolites and toxins (e.g., LPS, BCAAs) remotely regulate pulmonary inflammation and immune responses through systemic circulation, ultimately leading to endothelial disruption and oxidative stress

doi: 10.1038/s41590-023-01601-2 36 SteinSRRamelliSCGrazioliAChungJ-YSinghMYindaCKet al

Laboratory testing methods can detect fragments and metabolites of peptides, emphasizing the reality of a risk of a positive test