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In total, 40 adult female C57BL/6 mice were induced to enter anagen by depilation (day 0) and divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (CYP) received a single dose of CYP [150 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)/intraperitoneal injection (IP)] at day 9, group III (CYP & NAC) received a single dose of CYP at day 9 as well as NAC (500 mg/kg B.W./day/IP) from day 616, and group IV (NAC) received NAC from day 616

Subsequently, caspase-1 cleaves GSDMD, releasing the GSDMD-NT fragment, which induces pore formation, cell swelling, and ultimately pyroptosis [82]

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However, as the disease progresses, sustained abnormal glial activation triggers the overactivation of signaling pathways such as NF-B and p38 MAPK, leading to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, TNF-, IL-6) (Newcombe et al., 2018