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Declines with age (50% reduction by age 60)

Abbreviations 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin AA: Amino acid AAs: Amino acids Arf-1: ADP ribosylation factor 1 ARG1: Arginase 1 BH4: Tetrahydrobiopterin CASTOR1: Cytosol sensor is cellular arginine sensor for mTORC1 EAA: Essential amino acid GCN2: General control nonderepressible 2 IFN-: Interferon gamma KRS: Lysyl-tRNA synthetase LRS: Leucyl-tRNA synthetase MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin mTORC1: mTOR complex 1 NEAA: Non-essential amino acid SAM: S-adenosylmethionine SAMTOR: SAM sensor upstream of mTORC1 TPH: Tryptophan hydroxylase IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase TDO: Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase TGF-: Transforming growth factor beta tRNA: transfer RNA References Hanahan D, Weinberg RA

Both types of cases, clinical HT-1 ( FAH mutation) without circulating SA, and persistent SA due to maleylacetoacetic isomerase deficiency (mutation in GSTZ1 , not FAH ) without HT-1-like clinical symptoms, have recently been described

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1526250 Received 11 November 2024 Accepted 13 January 2025 Published 03 February 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Sebastian Guenther, University of Greifswald, Germany Reviewed by Eugene A