Lipid peroxidation mainly includes the reaction of ROS with lipid molecules in cell membranes, raising membrane fluidity and permeability, thereby having an impact on cell structure and function ( Moreover, DNA damage activates stress response mechanisms within cells, possibly causing apoptosis or mutation, further compromising the health of gingival tissues ( 2.3.3 Depletion of antioxidant systems During the prolonged progression of chronic periodontitis, oxidative stress persists, causing depletion and imbalance of antioxidant systems ( 3 Antioxidants and their roles 3.1 Types and functions of main antioxidants Antioxidants are compounds which is capable of neutralizing and clearing oxygen free radicals and other oxidants within cells, having a huge impact on the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases
The most common effects are gastrointestinal nausea (especially when starting or increasing a dose), constipation, and dehydration
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These cells can be characterized by proliferation, process retraction and upregulation of complement, toll-like receptor (TLR2-4), TNFR1 & receptors, nitric oxide synthase, heat-shock proteins (HSP27, HSP60, HSP72), chemokine (IL-8) and cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, CCL2, TNF) signaling as well as the suppression of anti-inflammatory TGF signaling (35, 105)
Ndufs2 deletion led to loss of NDUFS2 protein in isolated adipose tissue mitochondria, along with reduced CI subunit NDUFB8 and CIII subunit UQCRC2 (Extended Data Fig
