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This proposed mechanism has been directly validated in animal models where the surgically severed vagus nerve attenuated anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice after oral antibiotic administration, providing direct evidence for neuropsychiatric effects induced by antibiotics through the gutbrain axis (Joo et al., 2023)

Abdullah et al., 2016

Krishnan Muthaiah, V

Silveira EA, Siman FDM, de Oliveira Faria T, Vescovi MVA, Furieri LB, Lizardo JHF, Stefanon I, Padilha AS, Vassallo DV (2014) Low-dose chronic lead exposure increases systolic arterial pressure and vascular reactivity of rat aortas

However, several challenges remain, including low bioavailability, an incomplete understanding of their mechanisms, uncertainties about the optimal dosing regimen, and the potential interactions among different polyphenols