acetyl-l-carnitine shuttles fatty acids into mitochondria Carnitine in Mitochondrial Acid Transport and β-Oxidation Role of Carnitine Shuttle System

l-lactate, the substrate for lactylation, is supplied through two pathways: one is the conversion of extracellular glucose molecules into pyruvate through glycolysis, which is then catalyzed by LDH to form l-lactate

In the testes, HCG stimulates the interstitial Leydig cells to produce androgens (primarily testosterone), just as LH would

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Thus, it is likely that net BH4 cellular bioavailability reflects the balance between de novo BH4 synthesis, loss of BH4 by oxidation to BH2, and the regeneration of BH4 by DHFR

Compagnucci AB, Perroud HA, Batalles SM, Villavicencio R, Brasca A, Berli D, Pezzotto SM